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In this lesson, we are going to discuss the following topics
- Kinds of Nouns
- Nouns - Gender
Kinds of Nouns
There are five kinds of Nouns in English .They are :1. Proper Noun :
A proper Noun is the name of some particular person or place.
E.g :
- Names of persons : Rama, Krishna, Hari, Sitha, etc.
- Names of places : Vijayawada, Bombay, New Delhi, etc.
2. Common Noun :
A Common Noun is a name given in common to every person, place or thing of the same class of kind.
E.g :
- Name of persons : boy, girl, child, man, woman, etc.
- Names of places : town, village, city, river, country, etc.
- Names of things : pen, pencil, book, chair, etc.
3. Collective Noun :
A Collective Noun is the name of a number or collection of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole.
E.g : crowd, mob, team, fleet, army, jury, family, nation, parliament, committee, etc.
4. Material Noun :
A Material Noun is the name of some material or substance which is supposed to have no separate parts.
E.g : Rice, sugar, salt, milk, sand, clay, iron, gold, silver, oil, etc.
5. Abstract Nouns
An Abstract Noun is the name of a quality, action or state.
E.g :
- Quality : goodness, kindness, honesty, wisdom, bravery
- Action : theft, movement, judgement
- State : childhood, boyhood, youth, slavery, sleep, sickness, death, poverty.
Note : The names of arts and sciences are also Abstract Nouns.
E.g : Grammar, music, physics, chemistry, etc.
Concrete Nouns and Abstract Nouns
Nouns can also be classified as 1. Concrete Nouns 2. Abstract Nouns
1. Concrete Nouns :
Names of persons, places or things that we can see or touch are called Concrete Nouns.
E.g : Ravi, Mumbai, city, tree, table, water, gold
2. Abstract Nouns :
Names of things that we can only think of, but cannot touch or see are called Abstract Nouns.
E.g : Beauty, patience, youth, death, logic, astronomy, physics, politics, etc.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns :
Nouns also can be classified as 1. Countable Nouns and 2. Uncountable Nouns
1. Countable Nouns :
Names of things, places or persons that can be counted as 1, 2, 3,... are called Countable Nouns.
E.g : Pen - two pens, Box - two boxes, City - two cities.
2. Uncountable Nouns :
Names of things that cannot be counted as 1, 2, 3 etc. are called Uncountable Nouns.
E.g : Tea, coffee, milk, sugar, ink, rice, gold, air, etc.
Exercise 14 :
Pick out the nouns in the following sentences and say what kind of nouns they are. (i.e., Proper, Common, Collective, Material or Abstract)
- Always speak the truth.
- Ashoka was a great emperor.
- Soloman was famous for his wisdom.
- The elephant has great strength.
- Cows eat grass and give us milk.
- Vikramaditya, the king of Ujjain, was known for his wisdom and valour.
- Greed is the cause of all evils.
- Cleanliness is next to godliness.
- The crows was very big.
- The jury found the prisoner guilty.
(Answers will be disclosed in next Lesson)
Nouns : Gender
Gender is that form of noun which shows whether the Noun is male, female, either or neither.
Kinds of Gender
1. Masculine Gender :
A Noun that denotes a male is said to be in the Masculine Gender.
E.g : Boy, man, hero, lion, cock, sparrow, etc.
2. Feminine Gender :
A Noun that denotes a female is said to be of the Feminine Gender.
E.g : Girl, woman, heroine, lioness, hen, sparrow
3. Common Gender :
A Noun that denotes either a male or a female is said to be of the Common Gender.
E.g : Parent, child, friend, pupil, student, servant, thief, enemy, cousin, baby, infant, person, etc.
4. Neuter Gender :
A Noun that denotes neither a male nor a female (i.e., a thing without life) is said to be of the Neuter Gender.
E.g : Book, pen, room, pencil, etc.
Formation of Feminine Gender
There are six ways of forming the feminine of nouns.
1. By using an entirely different word :
Masculine
|
Feminine
|
Bachelor
|
Maid, Spinster
|
Brother
|
Sister
|
Bull, Ox
|
Cow
|
Cock
|
Hen
|
Dog
|
Bitch
|
Drake
|
Duck
|
Father
|
Mother
|
Gentleman
|
Lady
|
Horse
|
Mare
|
King
|
Queen
|
Man
|
Woman
|
Nephew
|
Niece
|
Ram
|
Ewe
|
Son
|
Daughter
|
Uncle
|
Aunt
|
Boy
|
Girl
|
Buck
|
Doe
|
Bullock
|
Heifer
|
Colt
|
Filly
|
Drone
|
Bee
|
Earl
|
Countess
|
Gander
|
Goose
|
Hart
|
Roe
|
Husband
|
Wife
|
Lord
|
Lady
|
Monk
|
Friar nun
|
Papa
|
Mama
|
Sir
|
Madam
|
Stag
|
Hind
|
Wizard
|
Witch
|
2. By adding-ess to the Masculine :
Masculine
|
Feminine
|
Author
|
Authoress
|
Count
|
Countess
|
Heir
|
Heiress
|
Jew
|
Jewess
|
Manager
|
Manageress
|
Patron
|
Patroness
|
Poet
|
Poetess
|
Prophet
|
Prophetess
|
Steward
|
Stewardess
|
Baron
|
Baroness
|
Giant
|
Giantess
|
Host
|
Hostess
|
Lion
|
Lioness
|
Mayor
|
Mayoress
|
Peer
|
Peeress
|
Priest
|
Priestess
|
Shepherd
|
Shepherdess
|
Viscount
|
Viscountess
|
3. By adding - ess after dropping the vowel of the masculine ending :
Masculine
|
Feminine
|
Actor
|
Actress
|
Benefactor
|
Benefactress
|
Founder
|
Foundress
|
Instructor
|
Instructress
|
Preceptor
|
Preceptress
|
Conductor
|
Conductress
|
Enchanter
|
Enchantress
|
Hunter
|
Huntress
|
Negro
|
Negress
|
Tiger
|
Tigress
|
Songster
|
Songstress
|
Seamster
|
Seamstress
|
Waiter
|
Waitress
|
Tempter
|
Temptress
|
4. By adding - ess to the masculine in an irregular way.
Masculine
|
Feminine
|
Abbot
|
Abbess
|
Emperor
|
Empress
|
Marquis
|
Marchioness
|
Murderer
|
Murderess
|
Duke
|
Duchess
|
Governor
|
Governess
|
Master
|
Mistress
|
Sorcerer
|
Sorceress
|
5. Some Nouns take special endings to form the Feminine Gender.
Masculine
|
Feminine
|
Hero
|
Heroine
|
Executor
|
Executrix
|
Czar
|
Czarina
|
Signor
|
Signora
|
Bride
|
Bride Groom
|
Lad
|
Lass
|
Administrator
|
Administratix
|
Testator
|
Testatrix
|
Sultan
|
Sultana
|
Fox
|
Vixen
|
Widower
|
Widow
|
6. By placing a word before or after.
Masculine
|
Feminine
|
Bull-calf
|
Cow-calf
|
Cock-sparrow
|
Hen-sparrow
|
He-goat
|
She-goat
|
He-bear
|
She-bear
|
Jack-ass
|
Jenny-ass
|
Man-servant
|
Maid-servant
|
Grand-father
|
Grand-mother
|
Land-lord
|
Land-lady
|
Milk-man
|
Milk-maid
|
Pea-cock
|
Pea-hen
|
Washer-man
|
Washer-woman
|
Note : The suffix - ess is the commonest suffix used to form the feminine of the masculine nouns, and is the only one which we now use in forming a new feminine noun.
Exercise 15
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the feminine forms of the nouns in the brackets.
- She is the ___________ of the story (hero)
- He married an _________ (heir)
- I want to meet the _______________ (head master)
- The new _______________ has performed very well (actor)
- My father's _____________ is a doctor (nephew)
- The _________ is dressed in a yellow sari (bride groom)
- The _____________ gave birth to two cubs (Lion)
- She is a ________________ (Washer man)
- I met her ____________ in the school (uncle)
- The farmer has a couple of ____________ (bulls)
Answers for Lesson 4
Answers to Exercise 8
- Subject : The earth
- Predicate : revolves round the sun
- Subject : Bad habits
- Predicate : grow unconsciously
- Subject : That he will succeed
- Predicate : is certain
- Subject : Nature
- Predicate : is the best physician
- Subject : Borrowed garments
- Predicate : Never fit well
- Subject : New brooms
- Predicate : Sweep clean
- Subject : Barking dogs
- Predicate : Seldom bite
- Subject : Ravi's father
- Predicate : is a doctor
- Subject : We
- Predicate : Profit by the experience
- Subject : A guilty conscience
- Predicate : Needs no excuse
Answers to Exercise 9
- A burnt child - Complete subject (C.S0, child - Subject Word (S.W), A burnt - Subject Attributes (S.A)
- Barking dogs - (C.S), dogs - (S.W), barking - (S.A)
- Birds of a feather - (C.S), Birds - (S.W), of a feather - (S.A)
- The boy, anxious to learn - (C.S), boy - (S.W), the , anxious to learn - (S.A)
- The man carrying a hoe - (C.S), boy - (S.W), The, carrying a hoe - (S.A)
- The days of our youth - (C.S), days - (S.W), the, of our youth - (S.A)
- A house divided against itself - (C.S), house (S.W), A, divided against itself - (S.A0
- Ill habits - (C.S), habits - (S.W), ill - (S.A)
- One man's meat - (C.S), meat - (S.W.),. one, man's - (S.A.).
- His back - (C.S) bark - (S.W), His - (S.A)
Answers to Exercise10
- spoke distinctly - Predicate (P)
- spoke - verb (V)
- distinctly - adverbial qualification (A.Q)
- Is printed in clear type - p
- is printed - V
- in clear type - A.Q
- recognized your voice at once - P
- did his work efficiently - P
- did - V
- his work efficiently - A.Q
- Went home - P
- went - V
- home - A.Q
- gets his living by painting - P
- gets - V
- his living by painting - P
- turned to go - P
- turned - V
- to go - A. Q
- called them one by one - P
- called - V
- them one by one - A. Q
- made his money by trade - P
- made - V
- his money by trade - A. Q
- spring advancing, disappear - P
- disappear - V
- spring advancing - A. Q
Answers to Exercise11
- His master's confidence - complete object - (C.O)
- confidence - object word (O.W)
- his master's - object attributes (O.A)
- your voice - (C.O)
- voice - (O.W)
- your - (O.A)
- a big panther - (C.O)
- panther - (O.W)
- a, big - (O.A)
- a quiet holiday - (C.O)
- holiday - (O.W)
- a quiet - (O.A)
- his younger brother's son - (C.O)
- son - (O.W)
- his younger brother's - (O.A)
- Mr. Ravi, an actor - (C.O)
- Ravi - (O.W)
- Mr. , an, actor - (O.A)
- the baby - (C.O)
- baby - (O.W)
- the - (O.A)
- to sing - (C.O) & (O.W)
- a man, bent down with age - (C.O)
- man - (O.W)
- a, bent down with age - (O.A)
- much work - (C.O)
- work - (O.W)
- much - (O.A)
Answers to Exercise 12
- a doctor
- round
- sweet
- dead
- cold
- unconscious
- healthy
- full to the brim
- in good spirits
- about
Answers to Exercise13
- Captain
- waiting
- guilty
- Ravi
- repent
- with terror
- approaching
- in suspence
- trustworthy
- happy
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