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Materials can be classified into 3 types. Those are
- Metals
- Non-Metals
- Materials due to combination
Again these are subdivided into various types. Please have a look at the below diagram for detailed analysis.
Classification of Materials |
Metals : Metals are elemental substances capable of changing their shape permanently. Metals are good conductor of heat and electricity. Wrought iron passes lowest percentage of carbon while ore have highest.
Non-ferrous Metals : Non-ferrous metals do not contain Fe and C as their constituents. Examples are AI, Cu, Ag, nickel, Zn, tin, chromium etc. Al, Cu, Ag and Au are good conductors of electricity; Ag is most malleable, Au is most ductile and chromium is corrosion resistant. Zinc is used in the metal plating, tin is used to making bushes, and nickel imparts strength and creep resistance.
Ceramics : Ceramics are generally metallic or non-metallic oxides. Physically separable and chemically homogeneous constituents of materials consisting different phases are also ceramics
- However, unlike metals ceramics do not have large number of free electrons.
- Crystal structure of ceramics contain atoms of different sizes.
- Ceramic possess high electrical resistances.
- Examples of ceramic are Sillica, MgO, CdS, ZnO, SiC, BaTiO3, cement ferrites, garnets etc.
- Rocks, glasses, fireclay sillicates, cements and limes are ceramics
Organic Polymers : Organic polymers are relatively inert and light, and generally have high degree of plasticity
- Organic Polymers are extensively uses as insulating materials.
- Examples of organic polymers are PVC, PTEE, polythene, polystyrene, terylene, nylon, cotton, natural and synthetic rubber etc.
Alloy : Alloy is combination of two or more metals. An Alloy is prepared for a specific purpose to meet the particular requirement of an application.
Various group of materials with examples and uses are given below :
S.No
|
Group of Materials
|
Examples
|
Uses
|
1
|
Ferrous Metals
|
Iron
and Steel
|
Structures
of electrical machines, tools
|
2
|
Non-ferrous metals
|
Cu,
AL, Si, Sb, Co
|
Conductors,
Semiconductors
|
3
|
Ferrous Alloys
|
Invar,
Stainless Steel, Alnico
|
Precision
measuring instruments, magnets
|
4
|
Non-ferrous alloys
|
Phosphor
bronze, brass, duralumin, babbits
|
Bushes
of bearings, springs, safety devices
|
5
|
Ceramics
|
ZrO2,
SiO2, B2O3, Na2O, Al2O3, glasses
|
Refractories,
furnace linings, lens, insulators
|
6
|
Organic polymers
|
Polyethylene,
nylon, epoxy, polystyrene uses, insulators
|
Domestic
electrical articles, bio-medical
|
7
|
Metal-ceramic particulate composites
|
Cement
(ceramic + metal)
|
Space
going vehicles, rockets, missiles
|
8
|
Fibrous polymeric composites
|
Polymer
reinforced with the fibres of glass, carbon, boron, graphite, Kevlar
|
Bodies
of computer and radar, satellite and antenna components , aircraft parts,
robotic items
|
9
|
Metal-metal composites
|
Aluminum
conductor steel reinforced (ACSR)
|
Conductors
in high voltage transmission and distribution
|
Thats all for now friends... In our next post we shall discuss aobut more materials Conductors, Super Conductors and chemical bonding etc..
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Deletesyllabus for ECE
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